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Entropy02:39

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
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On entropy research analysis: cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer.

R Basurto-Flores1, L Guzmán-Vargas1, S Velasco2,3

  • 1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, 07340 Ciudad de México, Mexico.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Entropy, a concept from thermodynamics, has widely influenced diverse scientific fields. Our analysis of 750,000 research papers reveals its pervasive impact across various disciplines over 20 years.

Keywords:
Applied physicsComplex networksComputational scienceScientific data

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics-based entropy concept
  • Cross-disciplinary scientific research
  • Information theory and statistical mechanics

Background:

  • The concept of entropy, originating in thermodynamics, has demonstrated significant applicability beyond its initial domain.
  • Understanding the dissemination and impact of such fundamental concepts is crucial for scientific progress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the spread of entropy across different knowledge areas.
  • To analyze the distribution and usage of entropy-related terms in scientific literature.
  • To evaluate the utility and versatility of entropy in diverse scientific fields.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 750,000 research papers from the Scopus database over the last 20 years.
  • Monitoring of seminal works introducing novel entropy-related definitions.
  • Comparison of citation networks, paper classifications, and keyword usage in titles and abstracts.

Main Results:

  • Entropy has permeated numerous scientific areas, as evidenced by paper distribution and keyword analysis.
  • Citation patterns and category classifications reveal a hierarchical structure of entropy's influence.
  • Keyword analysis in titles and abstracts effectively maps interdisciplinary interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the broad utility and versatility of entropy as a unifying concept in science.
  • The methodology provides a framework for assessing the interdisciplinary impact of scientific concepts.
  • Entropy's cross-disciplinary reach highlights its fundamental importance in modern research.