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Related Concept Videos

Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

467
Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
467
Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending01:18

Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending

521
When analyzing the deformation of a symmetric prismatic member subjected to bending by equal and opposite couples, it becomes clear that as the member bends, the originally straight lines on its wider faces curve into circular arcs, with a constant radius centered at a point known as Point C. This phenomenon helps to understand the stress and strain distribution within the member more clearly.
When the member is segmented into tiny cubic elements, it is observed that the primary stress...
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Fixation and Sectioning01:03

Fixation and Sectioning

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Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...
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Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

479
When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability
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Sacral Alar Iliac Fixation for Spine Deformity.

Amit Jain1, Jaysson T Brooks1, Khaled M Kebaish1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

JBJS Essential Surgical Techniques
|September 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The sacral alar iliac (SAI) technique provides a reliable method for pelvic fixation in spinal arthrodesis. This surgical approach facilitates solid fusion in challenging lumbosacral cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Spinal Surgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Skeletal Anatomy

Background:

  • The lumbosacral junction presents anatomical challenges for achieving solid spinal fusion.
  • Posterior spinal arthrodesis requires stable pelvic anchoring for successful outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the sacral alar iliac (SAI) technique for pelvic anchor placement.
  • To provide a detailed surgical methodology for spinal fusion at the lumbosacral junction.

Main Methods:

  • Patient positioning in the prone position on a radiolucent table.
  • Limited soft tissue dissection between S1 and S2 dorsal foramina.
  • Creation of a screw pathway from the sacral ala into the ilium, targeting the anterior inferior iliac spine.
  • Placement of ≥9 mm diameter screws and ensuring alignment with spinal anchors for rod insertion.
  • Layered wound closure with meticulous hemostasis.

Main Results:

  • A review of 32 pediatric patients demonstrated significant correction of pelvic obliquity (mean 70%).
  • Mean correction of the major coronal Cobb angle was 67% in pediatric patients treated with SAI fixation.

Conclusions:

  • The sacral alar iliac (SAI) technique is an effective method for pelvic fixation in posterior spinal arthrodesis.
  • SAI fixation yields substantial correction of spinal deformities in pediatric patients.