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Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
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Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem
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Published on: June 9, 2017

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Brainstem astroblastoma with MN1 translocation.

Sun Ah Shin1, Bokyung Ahn2, Seung-Ki Kim3

  • 1Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology
|September 22, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A rare brainstem astroblastoma case highlights diagnostic challenges. MN1 gene rearrangement confirmed the diagnosis, despite an unusual immunoprofile, aiding future identification of this rare glial neoplasm.

Keywords:
MN1astroblastomagene rearrangementgliomaultrastructure

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem
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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Pediatric Pathology
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Astroblastoma is a rare glial neoplasm predominantly affecting the pediatric and young adult population, typically found in the cerebral hemisphere.
  • Diagnosis of astroblastoma is often challenging due to subtle histopathological features and overlapping characteristics with other central nervous system tumors.
  • Recent research links meningioma 1 (MN1) gene alterations to pediatric central nervous system high-grade neuroepithelial tumors, reclassifying them as astroblastomas.

Observation:

  • This case report details an exceptionally rare instance of astroblastoma originating in the brainstem.
  • The tumor exhibited an atypical immunophenotype, notably negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2).
  • Conversely, strong expression of pancytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen was observed, presenting a diagnostic conundrum.

Findings:

  • Histopathological examination revealed features consistent with astroblastoma, including astroblastic perivascular pseudorosettes.
  • Crucially, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detected MN1 gene rearrangement, confirming the diagnosis.
  • The combination of histopathology and molecular findings, particularly MN1 rearrangement, was essential for accurate diagnosis.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the diagnostic difficulties associated with astroblastoma, especially atypical presentations.
  • The unusual immunoprofile highlights the need for integrated diagnostic approaches combining histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular testing.
  • Further research is warranted to clarify the grading system and refine diagnostic criteria for astroblastoma to improve patient outcomes.