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Related Concept Videos

Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma
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Melanoma.

Dirk Schadendorf1, Alexander C J van Akkooi2, Carola Berking3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.

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|September 22, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced melanoma treatment has improved significantly due to targeted therapies and immunotherapy. These innovations offer new hope for long-term control and potential cures for advanced cutaneous melanoma.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Cutaneous melanoma is a significant global health concern, causing substantial annual deaths.
  • Treatment options for advanced melanoma were limited for decades, with historically unsuccessful clinical trials.
  • Recent advances in biological understanding and therapeutics have revolutionized advanced melanoma treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the transformative progress in treating advanced cutaneous melanoma.
  • To highlight the impact of novel therapeutic agents and strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical trials and biological research in advanced melanoma.
  • Analysis of targeted therapies, including BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors.
  • Evaluation of immunotherapies, specifically checkpoint-modulating agents like anti-PD-1 antibodies.

Main Results:

  • Targeted therapies (BRAF/MEK inhibitors) have significantly improved response rates and overall survival in patients with BRAF V600 mutations.
  • Checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1) have shown clinical success in locoregional disease, prolonging relapse-free and overall survival.
  • Advanced melanoma serves as a model for developing new treatments for solid cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Innovative treatments have transformed advanced melanoma into a manageable condition with improved patient outcomes.
  • Targeted agents and immunotherapy offer hope for long-term tumor containment and potential cures.
  • Continued research in advanced melanoma contributes to broader oncological advancements.