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Related Concept Videos

RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

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RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while...
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

RNA-seq Analysis of Transcriptomes in Thrombin-treated and Control Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells
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Single-cell RNA-seq reveals dynamic transcriptome profiling in human early neural differentiation.

Zhouchun Shang1,2,3,4, Dongsheng Chen2,3, Quanlei Wang2,3,4,5

  • 1Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.

Gigascience
|September 22, 2018
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Summary

This study deciphers the gene expression and epigenetic changes during human neural differentiation. It identifies key factors and cell interactions that regulate the development of neural cells from early stages.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Understanding neural lineage commitment is crucial for neurogenesis and neurodegenerative disease research.
  • In vitro neural-tube-like rosettes model early neural development but lack detailed regulatory network insights.
  • Early neural differentiation involves complex cell fate decisions and subpopulation specification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively investigate the transcriptomic and epigenetic landscape of human early neural differentiation.
  • To identify novel regulatory factors and cellular interactions governing neural lineage commitment.
  • To elucidate the dynamics of gene regulation and chromatin accessibility during neural development.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide single-cell transcriptome profiling across six differentiation time points.
  • Inferred cell trajectory analysis to identify key subpopulations and regulatory factors.
  • Chromatin accessibility profiling and cis-regulatory element analysis.
  • Cell-cell communication network analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct cellular subpopulations and inferred developmental trajectories during neural differentiation.
  • Discovered putative novel transcription factors crucial for neural lineage commitment.
  • Revealed dynamic chromatin accessibility and active cis-regulatory elements.
  • Characterized cell-cell interactions and subpopulation-specific ligand-receptor profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Provides an integrated view of transcriptomics and epigenetics in human early neural differentiation.
  • Offers insights into the regulatory mechanisms driving neural lineage development.
  • Establishes a foundation for understanding neurogenesis and related disorders.