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Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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Lactulose: A Model System to Investigate Solid State Amorphization Induced by Milling.

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Crystalline lactulose rapidly transforms into a stable amorphous form through mechanical milling. This solid-state transformation, studied via molecular dynamics and calorimetry, highlights lactulose as a model compound for amorphization research.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Physical chemistry

Background:

  • Mechanical milling is a key technique for inducing solid-state amorphization.
  • Understanding the factors governing amorphization kinetics and stability is crucial for materials design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solid-state amorphization of crystalline lactulose by mechanical milling.
  • To determine the amorphization kinetics and stability of amorphous lactulose.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of lactulose amorphization through computational simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Mechanical milling of crystalline lactulose.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations to determine elastic constants of disaccharides.
  • Isothermal dissolution calorimetry for amorphization kinetics analysis.
  • Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction for characterization.

Main Results:

  • Crystalline lactulose readily amorphizes via mechanical milling.
  • Lactulose exhibits rapid amorphization kinetics and high stability of the amorphous form.
  • Elastic constants, determined by simulations, correlate with the ease of amorphization.
  • Isothermal dissolution calorimetry provides effective kinetic data when other methods fail.

Conclusions:

  • Lactulose is a suitable model compound for studying solid-state amorphization.
  • Mechanical milling is an effective method for producing stable amorphous lactulose.
  • The study provides insights into the relationship between material properties and amorphization behavior.