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Space Trusses01:25

Space Trusses

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A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. The space truss is widely used in various construction projects due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads.
At the core of a space truss lies the fundamental unit known as the tetrahedron. This structure is composed of six members that form a three-dimensional shape...
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State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

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The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
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Quantifying Work02:30

Quantifying Work

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As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the surroundings to the system.
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Space Trusses: Problem Solving01:29

Space Trusses: Problem Solving

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A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. Due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads, the space truss is widely used in various construction projects.
Consider a tripod consisting of a tetrahedral space truss with a ball-and-socket joint at C. Suppose the height and lengths of the horizontal and vertical...
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Transfer Function to State Space01:23

Transfer Function to State Space

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State-space representation is a powerful tool for simulating physical systems on digital computers, necessitating the conversion of the transfer function into state-space form. Consider an nth-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients, like those encountered in an RLC circuit. The state variables are selected as the output and its n−1 derivatives. Differentiating these variables and substituting them back into the original equation produces the state equations.
In an RLC...
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State Space to Transfer Function01:21

State Space to Transfer Function

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The conversion of state-space representation to a transfer function is a fundamental process in system analysis. It provides a method for transitioning from a time-domain description to a frequency-domain representation, which is crucial for simplifying the analysis and design of control systems.
The transformation process begins with the state-space representation, characterized by the state equation and the output equation. These equations are typically represented as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Utilization of Plasmonic and Photonic Crystal Nanostructures for Enhanced Micro- and Nanoparticle Manipulation
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Quantifying single plasmonic nanostructure far-fields with interferometric and polarimetric k-space microscopy.

Ruslan Röhrich1, Chris Hoekmeijer1, Clara I Osorio1

  • 1Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Light, Science & Applications
|September 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new technique to fully analyze light scattered by single nanoantennae. This method unlocks detailed insights into nanophotonic light control and angular momentum properties for advanced optical devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanophotonics
  • Metasurface Optics
  • Plasmonics

Background:

  • Optically resonant nanoantennae are fundamental components in metasurfaces, nanosensors, and nanophotonic light sources.
  • Their ability to manipulate light's amplitude, phase, directivity, and polarization is crucial for advanced optical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an experimental technique for the complete characterization of light scattered by single nanostructures.
  • To enable full decomposition of antenna physics into multipole contributions.
  • To provide full access to the orbital and spin angular momentum properties of scattered light.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a high numerical aperture (NA) Fourier microscope.
  • Employing digital off-axis holography for full far-field recovery.
  • Analyzing multipole contributions and angular momentum properties of scattered light.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a technique for full recovery of all degrees of freedom in light scattered by a single nanostructure.
  • Enabled complete decomposition of antenna physics into multipole contributions.
  • Provided full access to orbital and spin angular momentum properties of scattered light from nano-objects.

Conclusions:

  • The developed technique allows for comprehensive analysis of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
  • It facilitates quantitative assessment of selection rules for orbital angular momentum transfer in plasmonic nanostructures.
  • This method is vital for advancing the design and understanding of nanophotonic devices.