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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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Mechanical Vessel Injury in Zebrafish Embryos
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Common Injuries and Repair Mechanisms in the Endothelial Lining.

Ling-Bing Meng1, Kun Chen2, Yuan-Meng Zhang3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, China.

Chinese Medical Journal
|September 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are vital for vascular function. This review details common EC injuries and their repair mechanisms, highlighting therapeutic targets for endothelial protection and repair.

Keywords:
EndotheliumVascularWound HealingWounds and Injuries

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Cell Biology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Endothelial cells (ECs) are crucial metabolic and endocrine organs regulating vascular function.
  • They maintain vascular tension, blood flow, and patency by metabolizing fluids and secreting active substances.
  • Understanding ECs is key to managing vascular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review common injuries affecting the vascular endothelium.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying endothelial repair and regeneration.
  • To identify potential therapeutic strategies for protecting the endothelium.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive PubMed database search for research published after 2003.
  • Keywords included: endothelium, vascular, wounds and injuries, and wound healing.
  • Review of original studies and literature reviews on endothelial injury and repair.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial injury is linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
  • Mechanisms of EC injury involve inflammation, physical/chemical stimuli, disease, and molecular changes.
  • Endothelial progenitor cells and various factors (cytokines, drugs, lifestyle) aid repair and protection.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial cells are constantly susceptible to damage.
  • Research is ongoing to identify therapeutic targets and drugs to protect the endothelium and promote its repair.