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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

119.9K
The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
119.9K
Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

3.1K
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...
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Overview of the Heart01:07

Overview of the Heart

14.0K
The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
The heart's structure...
14.0K
Conduction System of the Heart01:19

Conduction System of the Heart

13.4K
Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
The pacemaker cells are located in two primary nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node pacemaker cells can autonomously depolarize, triggering an action potential that leads to the...
13.4K
Conduction System of the Heart01:20

Conduction System of the Heart

3.9K
The cardiac conduction system produces and transmits electrical impulses that prompt myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function. This intricate system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated and efficient manner, beginning with the atria and then the ventricles. The conduction system optimizes cardiac output by maintaining this precise sequence, which is crucial for adequate blood circulation.
This system relies on the unique properties of nodal and Purkinje cells:...
3.9K
Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

10.5K
The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
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Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease
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What will it take before a bioengineered heart will be implanted in patients?

Doris A Taylor1, Abdelmotagaly Elgalad2, Luiz C Sampaio1,2

  • 1Department of Regenerative Medicine Research.

Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation
|September 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Regenerative medicine offers a solution to donor organ shortages for heart transplantation. Bioartificial hearts, built using decellularized scaffolds and patient cells, aim to overcome rejection and immunosuppression, though cost and technical challenges remain.

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Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative medicine and bioengineering.
  • Cardiovascular research and transplantation.
  • Tissue engineering and biomaterials.

Background:

  • Heart transplantation is the only cure for end-stage heart failure, but donor organ scarcity limits its application.
  • Regenerative medicine seeks to repair, regenerate, or replace failing tissues and organs, addressing donor organ shortages.
  • Bioartificial hearts engineered with patient-derived cells could eliminate graft rejection and the need for immunosuppression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of bioartificial heart development.
  • To identify key components, challenges, and translational steps for creating functional bioartificial hearts.
  • To explore regenerative medicine strategies for increasing the availability of transplantable hearts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing decellularized heart scaffolds (human or porcine) as a foundation for bioengineering.
  • Recellularization of scaffolds with patient-derived cells.
  • Development of bioreactors and conditioning protocols for engineered organ maturation.

Main Results:

  • Decellularized scaffolds offer a promising biofabrication approach, potentially providing an unlimited supply of organs.
  • Significant progress has been made in overcoming some engineering hurdles.
  • Key challenges remain in scaling cell processes, bioreactor technology, cell delivery, sterility, and cost-effective production.

Conclusions:

  • Bioartificial hearts represent a promising regenerative medicine strategy to address donor organ shortages.
  • Overcoming scientific and technical hurdles, particularly cost, is critical for clinical translation.
  • Further research into recellularization, bioreactor systems, and in-vivo maturation is essential for realizing the potential of bioengineered hearts.