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Related Concept Videos

Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Clinically Relevant Drug Product Specifications: Methods of Establishment01:29

Clinically Relevant Drug Product Specifications: Methods of Establishment

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Product specifications define the acceptable quality of a pharmaceutical product by ensuring identity, purity, potency, and strength. These specifications serve as benchmarks during development, manufacturing, and post-approval quality control. Clinically relevant specifications are particularly important because they directly relate to a drug's safety and efficacy in clinical use.Dissolution studies are critical biopharmaceutic tools that link in vitro behavior to in vivo performance. They...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Commentary on Some Recent Theses Relevant to Combating Aging: October 2018.

Benjamin Zealley, Aubrey D N J de Grey

    Rejuvenation Research
    |September 27, 2018
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    Summary

    This review covers computational pathology for tumor analysis, molecular insights into neurodegenerative diseases like ALS and Alzheimer's, and advances in neural stem cell regulation and repair.

    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Neuroscience
    • Oncology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Recent advancements in digital pathology and molecular analysis offer new tools for understanding complex diseases.
    • Investigating neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is crucial for developing effective treatments.
    • Understanding the regulation and repair of neural stem cells is key to regenerative medicine.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight cutting-edge research in computational pathology for solid tumor analysis.
    • To explore molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and ALS.
    • To review advancements in neural stem cell biology and therapeutic potential.

    Main Methods:

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    • Utilizing computational pathology for spatial heterogeneity quantification in digital tissue images.
    • Employing molecular analysis techniques to identify disease-associated genetic elements in brain tissue.
    • Investigating the neuroprotective effects of peptide fragments in Alzheimer's disease models.
    • Developing pH-triggered self-assembling contrast agents for imaging.
    • Applying quantitative approaches to profile T cell receptor repertoires.
    • Studying the regulation and repair of neural stem cells and their niche.

    Main Results:

    • Computational pathology enables precise quantification of spatial heterogeneity in tumors.
    • Repetitive DNA elements are implicated in the molecular pathology of ALS and frontotemporal degeneration.
    • N-terminal beta-amyloid peptide fragments show neuroprotective potential in Alzheimer's models.
    • PEGylated peptide amphiphilic agents can self-assemble in response to pH changes.
    • T cell receptor repertoire profiling provides insights into immune responses in human tissues.
    • Advances in understanding neural stem cell regulation and repair offer therapeutic avenues.

    Conclusions:

    • Computational pathology is transforming tumor analysis.
    • Molecular insights are deepening our understanding of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms.
    • Therapeutic strategies targeting neural stem cells and neuroprotection show promise.
    • Novel contrast agents and immune profiling techniques are advancing biomedical research.