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Breastfeeding in early life is linked to epigenetic changes in infants. Nurturing maternal care, like breastfeeding, may reduce infant stress responses through DNA methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Animal studies show maternal care impacts offspring stress responses via epigenetics.
  • Breastfeeding is used as a proxy for nurturing maternal behavior in human studies.
  • The glucocorticoid receptor gene plays a role in the stress response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if maternal care variations alter DNA methylation in infants.
  • To examine the association between breastfeeding and DNA methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene.
  • To assess the impact of breastfeeding on infant cortisol stress reactivity.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort study compared 42 mother-infant pairs (breastfeeding vs. non-breastfeeding).
  • Infant cortisol stress reactivity was measured using a mother-infant interaction procedure.
  • DNA methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter was analyzed from infant saliva samples.

Main Results:

  • Breastfeeding was associated with decreased DNA methylation in the glucocorticoid receptor promoter region.
  • Infants who were breastfed exhibited lower cortisol stress reactivity.
  • The observed DNA methylation changes were in a key regulatory region for stress response.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal care, exemplified by breastfeeding, may influence the infant's stress response system through epigenetic modifications.
  • These findings suggest a biological mechanism explaining some benefits of breastfeeding for child development.
  • Epigenetic changes in offspring may be a manifestation of behavioral programming from maternal care.