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What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area.
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability

Organization of Genes

Organization of Genes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Published on: May 1, 2021

Functional intron-derived miRNAs and host-gene expression in plants.

Umidjon Shapulatov^1,2, Mark van Hoogdalem¹, Marielle Schreuder¹

¹1Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands.

|September 28, 2018

Summary

Plant genes can possess dual functionality, producing both host mRNA and microRNAs (miRNAs) from introns. This study demonstrates dual functionality using artificial intronic miRNAs (aimiRNAs) within the firefly luciferase gene, enabling simultaneous gene expression and silencing.

Keywords:

Intron aimiRNA amiRNA imiRNA luciferase miRNA

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Robotics and Dynamic Image Analysis for Studies of Gene Expression in Plant Tissues

Robotics and Dynamic Image Analysis for Studies of Gene Expression in Plant Tissues

Published on: May 5, 2010

Area of Science:

Plant molecular biology
Gene expression regulation
Biotechnology

Background:

Plant genes can harbor pre-microRNAs (miRNAs) in introns.
Investigating dual functionality: host gene pre-mRNA maturation and miRNA production from the same gene.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate dual functionality in plants using artificial intronic miRNAs (aimiRNAs).
To engineer plant traits requiring multiple gene manipulations.

Main Methods:

Utilized firefly luciferase gene with intron (ffgLUC) as the host gene.
Designed artificial intronic miRNAs (aimiRNAs) based on miR319a structure.
Assessed mRNA splicing via luciferase activity and gene silencing efficiency through target gene analysis.

Main Results:

Achieved dual functionality with correct ffgLUC splicing and efficient silencing of target genes (e.g., transcription factors, PHYB).
Demonstrated efficient silencing in both transient and stable plant transformants.
Identified potential target site insensitivity as a factor limiting silencing efficiency for PHYB.

Conclusions:

Successfully combined overexpression constructs with aimiRNAs for simultaneous dual gene function in plants.
Introduced a novel concept for engineering plant traits through multiple gene manipulations.