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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

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One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
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Circular RNAs Act as miRNA Sponges.

Amaresh Chandra Panda1

  • 1Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. amarchpanda@gmail.com.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|September 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression. This review details circRNA-microRNA interactions and their impact on gene regulation.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Most RNAs in animal cells are noncoding.
  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a distinct class of noncoding RNAs lacking ends.
  • Advances in sequencing and bioinformatics have identified numerous circRNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on microRNA (miRNA)-circRNA interactions.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which circRNAs influence gene expression.
  • To highlight the significance of circRNA-mediated miRNA sponging in gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on circRNA identification and function.
  • Analysis of bioinformatics tools for circRNA discovery.
  • Synthesis of research on miRNA-circRNA interactions and regulatory pathways.
Keywords:
Competing endogenous RNATranslationcircRNAmRNAmiRNAmiRNA sponge

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Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
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Main Results:

  • CircRNAs regulate gene expression through transcription, mRNA turnover, and translation.
  • CircRNAs act as miRNA sponges, sequestering miRNAs and affecting their activity.
  • Thousands of circRNAs have been identified across various organisms.

Conclusions:

  • CircRNA-miRNA interactions are a critical layer of gene regulation.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to deciphering complex gene expression networks.
  • CircRNAs represent a significant area of research in noncoding RNA biology.