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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.

Limiting Reactant

Limiting Reactant

The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in reality, the reactants are not always present in the stoichiometric amounts indicated by the balanced equation.

Atomic Structure

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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

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Published on: November 11, 2013

Quantum-Limited Atomic Receiver in the Electrically Small Regime.

Kevin C Cox¹, David H Meyer^1,2, Fredrik K Fatemi¹

¹U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|September 29, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a quantum sensor using thermal Rydberg atoms for highly efficient data reception in the electrically small regime. This technology achieves quantum-limited data capacity, offering an alternative to traditional antennas for small-wavelength electromagnetic fields.

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Area of Science:

Quantum sensing
Atomic physics
Electromagnetics

Background:

Classical antennas are ineffective in the electrically small regime.
Miniaturization of communication devices necessitates new sensing technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a quantum sensor for data reception in the electrically small regime.
To introduce and experimentally verify the standard quantum limit for data capacity.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a quantum sensor based on thermal Rydberg atoms.
Encoding data in electromagnetic fields within the extreme electrically small regime.
Measuring sensing volume relative to the electric field wavelength (over 10^7 times smaller).

Main Results:

Achieved quantum-limited data reception.
Demonstrated quantum-limited performance across bandwidths from 10 kHz to 30 MHz.
Sensing volume significantly smaller than the cube of the electric field wavelength.

Conclusions:

The quantum sensor provides a viable alternative to classical antennas for small-wavelength electromagnetic fields.
Experimental validation of quantum-limited data reception in a challenging regime.
Advances in quantum sensing for future communication technologies.