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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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Measuring Single-Cell Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Heteroplasmy Using Digital Droplet Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Mitochondrial Morphofunction in Mammalian Cells.

Elianne P Bulthuis1, Merel J W Adjobo-Hermans1, Peter H G M Willems1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
|September 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria

Keywords:
mitochondrial dynamicsquantitative live-cell microscopyultrastructure

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are crucial for ATP production and various cellular processes like signaling and immune responses.
  • Mitochondrial dynamics, involving changes in structure, influence mitochondrial function.
  • A quantitative understanding of the link between mitochondrial structure and function (morphofunction) is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the concept of mitochondrial morphofunction in mammalian cells.
  • To summarize experimental evidence from the last decade on mitochondrial morphofunction.
  • To discuss the quantification and targeting of mitochondrial morphofunction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental evidence from the past decade.
  • Discussion of mitochondrial (ultra)structure control.
  • Summary of methods for quantifying mitochondrial morphofunction.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial structure and function are bidirectionally linked.
  • Mitochondrial dynamics impact cellular physiology.
  • Mitochondrial morphofunction can be quantified and targeted.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding mitochondrial morphofunction is key to comprehending cellular behavior.
  • Mitochondrial ultrastructure and volume affect biochemical reactions and diffusion.
  • Small molecules can target mitochondrial morphofunction.