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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells
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Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

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Mitochondrial Activity Regulates Human T Helper 17 Differentiation and Function.

Xinlai Chen1, Theodoros Ioannis Papadimitriou1,2, Anne H G van Essen1

  • 1Department of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Immunology
|September 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial activity significantly impacts human Th17 cell differentiation. High mitochondrial membrane potential in Th17 cells boosts activation but increases exhaustion and lowers effector function, offering autoimmune disease therapeutic insights.

Keywords:
T cell exhaustionT cell metabolismTh17 cellsTh17 differentiationmitochondrial activity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • T helper 17 (Th17) cells are crucial in autoimmune diseases.
  • The role of immunometabolism in human Th17 differentiation is not fully understood.
  • Understanding metabolic drivers may reveal therapeutic targets for autoimmune conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of mitochondrial activity in human Th17 cell differentiation.
  • To characterize metabolic changes during Th17 differentiation in vitro.
  • To explore the functional consequences of altered mitochondrial activity in Th17 cells.

Main Methods:

  • Used an in vitro model with naïve human CD4+ T cells.
  • Performed single-cell metabolic profiling and functional assays.
  • Analyzed gene expression related to mitochondrial dynamics and cell signaling.

Main Results:

  • Th17 cells showed a hyperpolarised mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) with increased metabolic activity.
  • Early reliance on glycolysis shifted to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dependence.
  • Hyperpolarised cells exhibited increased activation and exhaustion markers, with reduced effector function.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial activity is critical for Th17 differentiation.
  • Hyperpolarised mitochondrial potential enhances Th17 activation but promotes exhaustion.
  • Findings provide insights into Th17 metabolic regulation and potential autoimmune disease therapies.