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Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor
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Changes in Vocal Fold Morphology During Singing Over Two Octaves.

F Unteregger1, P Wagner1, F Honegger1

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Phoniatrics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

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Singing involves complex vocal fold dynamics. This study shows vocal folds elongate and then tense as pitch increases, a novel in vivo observation.

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3DLaryngeal muscleLarynxSingerVocal fold

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Area of Science:

  • Laryngeal biomechanics
  • Vocal pedagogy
  • Singing voice science

Background:

  • Vocal fold elongation is traditionally linked to pitch raising.
  • Vocal fold pitch control mechanisms are complex, involving both elongation and tensioning.
  • Understanding in vivo vocal fold morphology changes during singing is crucial for voice science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between vocal fold morphology and singing pitch.
  • To demonstrate how vocal fold elongation and tensioning contribute to pitch changes during singing.
  • To provide in vivo evidence of vocal fold dynamic changes during vocal pitch variation.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study involving 49 professional female singers (sopranos and altos).
  • High-resolution computed tomography scans analyzed in coronal view.
  • Laryngeal images captured at speaking fundamental frequency (ƒ0) and two octaves above (2ƒ0, 4ƒ0).

Main Results:

  • Vocal fold angle decreased from ƒ0 to 2ƒ0 (58° to 47°), indicating elongation.
  • Vocal fold angle increased from 2ƒ0 to 4ƒ0 (47° to 59°), indicating tensioning.
  • Observed changes in vocal fold angle correlate with changes in muscle belly shape from 'fat' to 'thin' and back.

Conclusions:

  • Vocal folds elongate and subsequently tense during singing as fundamental frequency increases from ƒ0 to 4ƒ0.
  • This study provides the first in vivo evidence of this dual mechanism in vocal fold dynamics.
  • Findings support a more complex model of vocal fold function in pitch control during singing.