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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

60.1K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
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Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
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An Eye on Vision: Seven Questions About Vision Screening and Eye Health-Part 4.

P Kay Nottingham Chaplin1,2, Kira Baldonado3, Susan Cotter4,5,6

  • 1Education and Outreach Coordinator for the National Center for Children's Vision and Eye Health (NCCVEH) at Prevent Blindness.

NASN School Nurse (Print)
|October 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This guide clarifies current best practices for children's vision screening, addressing common questions school nurses face. It covers essential tools and procedures for effective vision and eye health assessments in schools.

Keywords:
Sloan lettersconvergence insufficiency screeningcritical line screeninginstrument-based vision screeningoptotype-based vision screeningprescription glassesvision screening

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Optometry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Recent national guidelines and 18 years of research have updated children's vision screening practices.
  • School nurses require concise information on current evidence-based vision and eye health procedures.
  • The National Center for Children's Vision and Eye Health addresses common field inquiries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide school nurses with answers to frequently asked questions regarding children's vision screening.
  • To summarize current best practices and updated guidelines for pediatric vision and eye health.
  • To offer practical guidance on specific screening tools and procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation of answers to seven common questions from school nurses.
  • Focus on updated national guidelines and recent research findings.
  • Inclusion of practical scenarios such as broken glasses and specific screening techniques.

Main Results:

  • Detailed guidance on instrument-based screening, stereopsis, and optotype-based follow-up.
  • Procedures for managing broken glasses and utilizing threshold eye charts are outlined.
  • Strategies for convergence insufficiency screening in school settings are provided.

Conclusions:

  • Updated information supports effective vision screening and eye health practices for school nurses.
  • Addressing common challenges ensures timely and appropriate vision care for students.
  • The provided Q&A format facilitates rapid assimilation of critical knowledge for school-based practitioners.