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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

133.8K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
133.8K
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

14.6K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
14.6K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.1K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.1K
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

5.9K
Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
5.9K
IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

1.8K
The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
1.8K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.9K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.9K

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Heavy interstitial hydrogen doping into SrTiO3.

Ryo Nakayama1, Mitsuhiko Maesato1, Takafumi Yamamoto2

  • 1Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan. maesato@kuchem.kyoto-u.ac.jp kitagawa@kuchem.kyoto-u.ac.jp.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|October 2, 2018
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Summary

Researchers introduced large amounts of hydrogen into strontium titanate (SrTiO3) using low-temperature ion beam irradiation. This resulted in an unprecedented thermal hysteresis of resistivity, offering new insights into material properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Semiconductor Research

Background:

  • Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is a prominent perovskite oxide with diverse electronic and ionic properties.
  • Controlling hydrogen incorporation in SrTiO3 is crucial for tuning its conductivity and functional behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve substantial interstitial hydrogen doping in SrTiO3.
  • To investigate the impact of high hydrogen concentration on SrTiO3's electrical transport properties.

Main Methods:

  • Low-temperature hydrogen ion beam irradiation was employed for hydrogen introduction.
  • In situ electrical transport measurements were conducted to monitor resistivity changes.

Main Results:

  • An extremely large concentration of interstitial hydrogen was successfully introduced into SrTiO3.
  • An unprecedented thermal hysteresis of resistivity was observed, indicating significant changes in the material's electronic state.

Conclusions:

  • Low-temperature hydrogen ion beam irradiation is an effective method for doping SrTiO3 with hydrogen.
  • The observed thermal hysteresis suggests complex hydrogen-defect interactions and phase transitions in hydrogen-doped SrTiO3.