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    Area of Science:

    • Biophotonics
    • Optical Imaging
    • Microscopy

    Background:

    • Partially coherent illumination (PC-ODT) offers label-free, quantitative 3D refractive index reconstruction.
    • PC-ODT provides speckle-free imaging and compatibility with standard wide-field microscopes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the critical role of tailored PC illumination and realistic optical transfer functions (OTFs) in enhancing PC-ODT accuracy.
    • To improve the reconstruction of 3D refractive index by addressing limitations of conventional bright-field illumination.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental demonstration of PC-ODT with a novel PC illumination design.
    • Incorporation of realistic optical transfer functions (OTFs) to model experimental conditions accurately.

    Main Results:

    • A specific PC illumination design significantly improves 3D refractive index reconstruction accuracy.
    • Realistic OTFs enhance accuracy by accounting for actual experimental illumination conditions.
    • The proposed PC illumination captures spatial-frequency content often lost with bright-field methods.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimized PC illumination and realistic OTFs are essential for high-accuracy PC-ODT.
    • This approach overcomes limitations of standard bright-field illumination in PC-ODT.
    • The findings pave the way for more precise label-free 3D imaging in various scientific fields.