Enhancing Gaussian Estimation of Distribution Algorithm by Exploiting Evolution Direction With Archive

As a typical model-based evolutionary algorithm, estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA) possesses unique characteristics and has been widely applied in global optimization. However, the commonly used Gaussian EDA (GEDA) usually suffers from premature convergence, which severely limits its search efficiency. This paper first systematically analyzes the reasons for the deficiency of traditional GEDA, then tries to enhance its performance by exploiting the evolution direction, and finally develops a new GEDA variant named EDA². Instead of only utilizing some good solutions produced in the current generation to estimate the Gaussian model, EDA² preserves a certain number of high-quality solutions generated in the previous generations into an archive and employs these historical solutions to assist estimating the covariance matrix of Gaussian model. By this means, the evolution direction information hidden in the archive is naturally integrated into the estimated model, which in turn can guide EDA² toward more promising solution regions. Moreover, the new estimation method significantly reduces the population size of EDA² since it needs fewer individuals in the current population for model estimation. As a result, a fast convergence can be achieved. To verify the efficiency of EDA², we tested it on a variety of benchmark functions and compared it with several state-of-the-art EAs. The experimental results demonstrate that EDA² is efficient and competitive.