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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Dehydration Synthesis01:15

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Overview
Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes. 
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Long-Chain Hyperbranched Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications.

Bin Mu1, Tingting Liu1, Wei Tian1

  • 1MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|October 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Long-chain hyperbranched polymers (LCHBPs) combine linear and hyperbranched polymer advantages. This review details LCHBP synthesis, properties, and applications in fields like biomedicine and sensing.

Keywords:
hyperbranched polymerslong-chain hyperbranched polymersmacromonomerssynthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Long-chain hyperbranched polymers (LCHBPs) integrate desirable characteristics of linear and hyperbranched polymer architectures.
  • These unique macromolecules are gaining significant research interest due to their distinct structural attributes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the research progress in long-chain hyperbranched polymers (LCHBPs).
  • Focus on synthetic strategies, inherent properties, and emerging applications of LCHBPs.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of synthetic methodologies into four primary classes: ABx (x ≥ 2), A2 + Bx (x ≥ 3), AB + ABx (x ≥ 2), and self-condensing vinyl polymerization.
  • Analysis of rheological properties, self-assembly behavior, and stimuli-response characteristics.
  • Exploration of diverse application areas.

Main Results:

  • Detailed discussion of four main synthetic routes for LCHBP preparation.
  • Elucidation of key rheological, self-assembly, and stimuli-responsive properties.
  • Identification of promising applications in biomedicine, electrical conductivity, chemical sensing, and as catalyst carriers.

Conclusions:

  • LCHBPs represent a novel class of polymers with significant potential.
  • The review consolidates current knowledge and highlights future research directions.
  • Further development of LCHBPs is anticipated across various scientific and technological domains.