Stacking faults in β-Ga₂O₃ crystals observed by X-ray topography

Planar defects in -oriented β-Ga₂O₃ wafers were studied using X-ray topography. These planar defects were rectangular with dimensions of 50-150 µm, and the X-ray topography analysis revealed that they were stacking faults (SFs) enclosed by a single partial dislocation loop on the plane. The SF formation was found to be supported by a unique structural feature of the plane as a slip plane; the plane consists of close-packed octahedral Ga and O layers, allowing slips to form SFs. Vacancy arrays along the b axis in the octahedral Ga layer reduce the self-energy of the edge component in the partial dislocation extending along the b axis. It is speculated that the SFs occur during the crystal growth process for unknown reasons and then recover owing to elastic instability after initially increasing in size as crystal growth proceeds. Based on this analysis, a structural model for the SFs is proposed.