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Related Concept Videos

Enthalpy02:59

Enthalpy

48.2K
Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum of a system’s internal energy (E) and the mathematical product of its pressure (P) and volume (V):
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Enthalpy of Solution02:39

Enthalpy of Solution

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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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Enthalpies of Reaction03:33

Enthalpies of Reaction

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Hess’s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products are available. The main reaction may be divided into stepwise reactions : (i) decompositions of the reactants into their component elements, for which the enthalpy changes are proportional to the negative of the enthalpies of formation of the reactants, −ΔHf°(reactants), followed by (ii) re-combinations of the elements (obtained in step 1) to...
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Standard Enthalpy of Formation02:37

Standard Enthalpy of Formation

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Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly accepted set of conditions used as a reference point for the determination of properties under other different conditions. For chemists, the IUPAC standard state refers to materials under a pressure of 1 bar and solutions at 1 M and does not specify a temperature. Many thermochemical tables list values with a standard state of 1 atm. Because...
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Enthalpy within the Cell01:18

Enthalpy within the Cell

7.6K
Enthalpy (H) is used to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum of a system's internal energy (U) and the mathematical product of its pressure (P) and volume (V):
H = U + PV
Enthalpy is also a state function. Enthalpy values for specific substances cannot be measured directly; only enthalpy changes for chemical or physical processes can be determined. For processes that take place at constant pressure (a common condition for many...
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Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the CuIn,GaSe2 Grain Boundaries
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[Preliminary Study on Atom O in High-Enthalpy Flow Field].

Jie Luo, Gang Jiang, Guo-lin Wang

    Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu
    |October 4, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (TALIF) effectively measures atomic oxygen concentration in high-enthalpy flow fields. This technique reveals flow characteristics, including compressional waves in supersonic flow.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atomic and Molecular Physics
    • Fluid Dynamics
    • Optical Diagnostics

    Context:

    • High-enthalpy flow fields present challenges for accurate species concentration measurements.
    • Two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (TALIF) is a sensitive diagnostic technique for atomic species.

    Purpose:

    • To optimize TALIF parameters for atomic oxygen (O) detection in a high-enthalpy flow.
    • To investigate the spatial distribution of atomic oxygen concentration.
    • To validate TALIF for flow field characterization.

    Summary:

    • Atomic oxygen concentration was measured using TALIF with optimized excitation wavelength (225.584 nm) and laser energy (<3.4 mJ).
    • TALIF successfully mapped atomic oxygen distribution, revealing distinct patterns in supersonic and subsonic flow regions.
    • Two peaks associated with compressional waves were observed in the supersonic flow, alongside a uniform distribution in the subsonic central zone.

    Impact:

    • Demonstrates the capability of TALIF for non-intrusive, quantitative measurement of atomic oxygen in complex flow fields.
    • Provides insights into flow physics, correlating atomic oxygen distribution with flow structures like compressional waves.
    • Establishes TALIF as a viable method for future flow parameter diagnostics in wind tunnel experiments.