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Related Concept Videos

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods01:21

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Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...
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Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses01:25

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A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
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A rational dosage regimen considers a drug's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from the body. By understanding these factors, the appropriate dosage can be determined, and the dosing schedule can be designed to achieve and maintain the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects.
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Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many biochemical processes at the cellular level and subsequently induce a pharmacologic response. The degree of response is directly proportional to the fraction of activated receptors, which in turn, depends on the concentration of the drug at the receptor site as well as the sensitivity of the receptor. An increase in the administered dose contributes to...
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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Tardive dyskinesia on low dose risperidone.

Tolulope Alugo1, Finian Kelly1, Ann O'Grady-Walsh1

  • 1Tallaght Adult Mental Health Services,Adelaide & Meath Hospital,Tallaght,Dublin 24,Ireland.

Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine
|October 5, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tardive dyskinesia, a neurological disorder causing involuntary movements, can occur even with low-dose antipsychotics. This case highlights potential risks associated with risperidone treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, purposeless movements, often in the oro-facial region.
  • Risk factors for TD are inconsistently reported but may include female sex, substance misuse, affective disorders, intellectual disability, and antipsychotic medication details.
  • Antipsychotic medication dose, class, and duration are potential independent risk factors for developing TD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of tardive dyskinesia (TD) developing in a patient treated with a low dose of a second-generation antipsychotic.
  • To contribute to the understanding of risk factors for TD, particularly concerning newer antipsychotic medications.

Main Methods:

  • Case report detailing the clinical presentation and treatment of a patient who developed tardive dyskinesia.
  • Review of relevant literature on tardive dyskinesia risk factors and antipsychotic medication associations.

Main Results:

  • The patient developed tardive dyskinesia despite receiving a low dose of risperidone, a second-generation antipsychotic.
  • This case suggests that TD can occur even with seemingly low-risk medication profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Tardive dyskinesia may develop even with low doses of second-generation antipsychotics like risperidone.
  • Clinicians should remain vigilant for TD symptoms in patients treated with antipsychotics, regardless of dose.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the risk factors for TD in the context of modern antipsychotic treatments.