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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

36.2K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

Entropy

3.6K
The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
3.6K
Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction

24.9K
Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
8.4K
Entropy within the Cell01:22

Entropy within the Cell

12.9K
A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
12.9K
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

4.9K
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
4.9K

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The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees
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The Generated Entropy Monitored by Pyroelectric Sensors.

Chun-Ching Hsiao1,2, Bo-Hao Liang3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, National Formosa University, No. 64, Wunhua Rd., Huwei Township, Yunlin County 632, Taiwan. cchsiao@nfu.edu.tw.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a pyroelectric entropy detector for real-time monitoring of energy conversion processes. This device helps reduce energy losses and predict system failure by measuring entropy generation rates.

Keywords:
energy conversionentropyfailurepyroelectric effectsensor

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Entropy generation is a key factor in the aging and failure of various systems.
  • Reducing energy losses is crucial for improving energy conversion efficiency.
  • Real-time monitoring of entropy generation can aid in system diagnostics and prognostics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a pyroelectric entropy detector for real-time monitoring of entropy generation.
  • To establish a method for deriving entropy generation rate from pyroelectric sensor measurements.
  • To demonstrate the use of entropy generation as an indicator of capacitor time-to-failure.

Main Methods:

  • A pyroelectric entropy detector was designed using PZT (lead zirconate titanate) cells.
  • The entropy generation rate was calculated from induced pyroelectric current, temperature, thermal capacity, pyroelectric coefficient, and electrode area.
  • A commercial capacitor was used to test the detector's ability to indicate time-to-failure under varying applied voltages.

Main Results:

  • The entropy generation rate was successfully derived from pyroelectric current measurements.
  • The detector demonstrated the potential to estimate the time-to-failure of a capacitor.
  • Optimal detector design involves small thermal capacity, minimized dimensions, and reduced electrode area with optimized thickness.

Conclusions:

  • Pyroelectric entropy detectors offer a viable method for real-time monitoring of irreversible processes.
  • Entropy generation rate measurement can serve as a predictive indicator for system lifespan.
  • Further optimization of pyroelectric sensor design can enhance sensitivity and applicability.