Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

50.5K
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
50.5K
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

57.7K
Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
57.7K
Introduction to Test of Independence01:21

Introduction to Test of Independence

3.0K
In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their individual probabilities. Tests of independence are chi-square tests involving the use of a contingency table of observed (data) values.
The test statistic for a test of independence is similar to that of a goodness-of-fit test:
3.0K
Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence01:16

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

8.2K
The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
8.2K
Law of Independent Assortment02:03

Law of Independent Assortment

62.8K
While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
62.8K
Random Error01:04

Random Error

9.8K
Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
9.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Performance and Mechanism Analysis of an Anti-Skid Wear Layer of Active Slow-Release Ice-Snow Melting Modified by Gels.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Jasmonic Acid Activates Transcription Factor SlMYB13 to Enhance Cold Resistance in Tomato.

Plant, cell & environment·2025
Same author

Multi-model risk assessment of pesticide residues in seasonal fruits based on integrated targeted/non-targeted screening: Implications for vulnerable populations.

Food chemistry: X·2025
Same author

Enhanced removal rate of ARGs by inoculating microbial agents during the composting cooling period.

Environmental research·2025
Same author

PEG Precipitation Followed by Albumin Depletion for Plasma Proteomics Analysis.

Analytical chemistry·2025
Same author

Research trends of facial nerve injury after cerebellopontine angle tumor: CiteSpace-based bibliometric analysis.

Frontiers in neurology·2025
Same journal

Retraction Note: NSD2 targeting reverses plasticity and drug resistance in prostate cancer.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Enhanced B cell priming induces broadly neutralizing HIV-1 apex antibodies.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Vaccination elicits HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies in primates.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Child online safety needs more than social-media bans.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Ebola preparedness must start with ecosystems and before humans show symptoms.

Nature·2026
Same journal

AI tools can speed up thinking, but evidence still comes from the lab bench.

Nature·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.7K

Device-independent quantum random-number generation.

Yang Liu1,2, Qi Zhao3, Ming-Han Li1,2

  • 1National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.

Nature
|October 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates device-independent quantum random-number generation (DIQRNG) secure against all adversaries. It achieves loophole-free Bell inequality violation, producing genuine quantum randomness for secure applications.

More Related Videos

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

9.0K
Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

13.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.7K
A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

9.0K
Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

13.2K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Cryptography
  • Experimental Physics

Background:

  • Randomness is crucial for numerical modeling and cryptography.
  • Device-independent quantum random-number generation (DIQRNG) offers ultimate security by not requiring assumptions about device workings.
  • Previous DIQRNG experiments had security limitations or did not close all loopholes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a DIQRNG system secure against both quantum and classical adversaries.
  • To achieve a loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality for provably secure randomness.
  • To demonstrate the practical feasibility of DIQRNG for high-security applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced quantum optical technology to generate, modulate, and detect entangled photon pairs.
  • Achieved high detection efficiency (>78%) over 200 meters, surpassing the threshold for the detection loophole.
  • Ensured space-like separation of measurements and random base settings to close the locality loophole and satisfy the no-signalling condition.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated DIQRNG secure against the most general adversaries.
  • Obtained over 6.24 x 10^7 quantum-certified random bits in 96 hours using a Toeplitz-matrix hashing technique.
  • Achieved a failure probability of less than 10^-5 for producing insecure random numbers.

Conclusions:

  • This work represents a significant advancement in realizing provably secure DIQRNG.
  • The demonstration paves the way for practical applications requiring genuine, unpredictable randomness.
  • The findings contribute to a fundamental understanding of quantum randomness.