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Structural and functional body components in athletic health and performance phenotypes.

Analiza M Silva1

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Athletic Performance Analysis

Background:

  • Body composition assessment provides insights into athletic health and performance.
  • Sports professionals require detailed understanding of body components for optimizing training and injury prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an integrative model linking body composition to athletic performance, injury risk, and health.
  • To review cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between body components and athletic outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on body composition and athletic performance.
  • Analysis of data from anthropometry and DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) assessments.
  • Inclusion of findings on energy availability and metabolic adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Higher fat mass (FM) correlates with longer endurance race times; higher fat-free mass benefits power and strength.
  • Increased intracellular water is linked to power and strength improvements, independent of lean mass.
  • Energy restriction in weight-sensitive sports can compromise bone health (Female Athlete Triad) and trigger metabolic adaptation (MA).

Conclusions:

  • Body composition is a critical determinant of athletic performance and health, with specific components influencing different types of athletic tasks.
  • Athletes, particularly in weight-sensitive sports, face risks related to energy availability and bone health, necessitating careful monitoring.
  • Further research is needed to establish sport-specific body composition profiles using anthropometry and DXA for optimized athletic development.