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Related Concept Videos

Multicompartment Models: Overview01:14

Multicompartment Models: Overview

Multicompartment models are mathematical constructs that depict how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They segment the body into several compartments, symbolizing various physiological or anatomical areas connected through drug transfer processes such as absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.
These models offer a more comprehensive representation of drug behavior in the body than one-compartment models. They accommodate the complexity of drug distribution,...
Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model01:20

Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model

The two-compartment model divides the body into central and peripheral compartments to account for varying blood perfusion rates among organs and tissues, affecting drug distribution. The central compartment includes blood and highly perfused tissues with rapid drug distribution, while the peripheral compartment contains tissues with slower drug distribution. After a single IV bolus dose, the drug concentration is high in plasma and low in tissues. The drug distribution between compartments...
Pharmacokinetic Models: Comparison and Selection Criterion01:26

Pharmacokinetic Models: Comparison and Selection Criterion

Physiological and compartmental models are valuable tools used in studying biological systems. These models rely on differential equations to maintain mass balance within the system, ensuring an accurate representation of the dynamic processes at play.
Physiological models take a detailed approach by considering specific molecular processes. They can predict drug distribution, metabolism, and elimination changes, providing a comprehensive understanding of how drugs interact with the body.
Three-Compartment Open Model01:06

Three-Compartment Open Model

The three-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model used to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs following extravascular administration. It comprises a central compartment representing the plasma and two peripheral compartments. The highly perfused peripheral compartment represents organs and tissues with a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The scarcely perfused peripheral compartment represents tissues with lower blood supply, such as adipose...
Two-Compartment Open Model: Overview01:05

Two-Compartment Open Model: Overview

Multicompartmental models are crucial tools in pharmacokinetics, providing a framework to understand how drugs move within the body. The two-compartment model is a crucial subtype, segmenting the body into central and peripheral compartments. The central compartment represents areas with high blood flow, such as plasma and highly perfused organs like the kidneys and liver, while the peripheral compartment signifies tissues with lower blood flow, like adipose tissue and muscle tissue.
The...
Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models01:14

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models

Compartmental analysis is a widely adopted approach to characterizing drug pharmacokinetics. It uses compartment models that conceptualize the body as a collection of reversibly communicating compartments, each representing a group of tissues exhibiting similar drug distribution characteristics. The movement rate of the drug between these compartments is typically described by first-order kinetics.
Two primary types of compartment models are recognized: mammillary and catenary. The more...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Clinical Anthropometrics and Body Composition from 3-Dimensional Optical Imaging
06:48

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Published on: June 7, 2024

Tracking changes in body composition in athletes: are rapid four-compartment models valid?

Tiago R Silva1,2, Rui Poínhos1,3, Bruno M P M Oliveira1,4

  • 1Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, https://ror.org/043pwc612University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.

The British Journal of Nutrition
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rapid four-compartment (4C) models using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) show promise for tracking body composition changes in athletes over time. However, individual interpretations require caution due to wide agreement limits.

Keywords:
AthletesBody compositionDual-energy-X-ray absorptiometryMulticompartment modelValidation

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Body Composition Analysis
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Rapid four-compartment (4C) models are validated cross-sectionally for body composition but lack longitudinal validation in athletes.
  • Assessing longitudinal changes in fat mass (FM) is crucial for athletes' performance and health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the longitudinal validity of rapid 4C models using DXA-derived body volume (BV) and BIS-derived total body water (TBW) in athletes.
  • To compare the accuracy of these rapid models against a criterion 4C method for tracking FM changes over time.

Main Methods:

  • A criterion 4C model utilized DXA (bone mineral content), air displacement plethysmography (BV), and deuterium dilution (TBW).
  • Rapid 4C models employed DXA-derived BV and BIS-derived TBW.
  • Longitudinal changes in FM (kg and %) were analyzed in athletes with >1% change (n=60) and those exceeding least significant change (n=25).

Main Results:

  • All rapid 4C models underestimated FM changes compared to the criterion 4C method.
  • 4C TBWBIS showed the smallest mean difference (0.41 kg), while DXA showed the largest (0.94 kg).
  • Bland-Altman analyses revealed wide limits of agreement (LOA) for all methods, indicating variability at the individual level.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid 4C models offer precision comparable or superior to DXA alone, with advantages in time efficiency and accessibility.
  • While group-level tracking of body composition changes is acceptable, caution is advised for individual-level interpretation due to wide LOA.