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Related Concept Videos

Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
Anchoring junctions mechanically attach a cell to the...
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Mechanical Protein Functions01:58

Mechanical Protein Functions

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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Circulating Melanoma Cells using Photoacoustic Flowmetry
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Detection and Isolation of Circulating Melanoma Cells using Photoacoustic Flowmetry

Published on: November 25, 2011

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Melanoma Cell Death Mechanisms.

Lindsey Broussard1,2, Amanda Howland1, Sunhyo Ryu1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.

Chonnam Medical Journal
|October 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

New melanoma treatments face resistance challenges. This review explores how melanoma cells evade apoptosis and other cell death pathways, highlighting the need for complex, personalized combination therapies and immunomodulation for effective treatment.

Keywords:
ApoptosisAutophagyCTLA4 protein, humanMelanomaTOR Serine-Threonine Kinases

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Circulating Melanoma Cells using Photoacoustic Flowmetry
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Recent advances in melanoma treatment include novel molecular and immunogenic therapies.
  • Therapeutic resistance is a significant challenge, with resistant clones emerging at multiple sites.
  • Melanoma cells can evade apoptosis through alternative regulated cell death (RCD) mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complexities of pharmacological manipulation in melanoma targeting specific mutations (c-Kit, BRAF, MEK, mTOR).
  • To discuss melanoma's evasion strategies across various RCD modalities like apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis.
  • To examine emerging combination therapies and immunomodulatory approaches for melanoma.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular and immunogenic therapies for melanoma.
  • Analysis of resistance mechanisms to targeted and apoptosis-inducing treatments.
  • Examination of RCD pathways and their role in melanoma evasion.
  • Review of combination therapies and immunomodulation strategies (CTLA4, PD1, CSF1 inhibition).

Main Results:

  • Melanoma exhibits complex resistance to mutation-specific pharmacotherapy and apoptosis-inducing treatments.
  • Tumor cells activate alternative pathways and evade programmed cell death.
  • Combination therapies targeting cell cycle and cell death pathways show promise.
  • Immunomodulation through immune checkpoint inhibitors is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding melanoma's multifaceted resistance mechanisms is vital for effective treatment.
  • Personalized therapeutic strategies incorporating combination therapies and immunomodulation are essential.
  • Targeting both tumor cell vulnerabilities and the tumor microenvironment is key to overcoming resistance.