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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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Molar Mass01:54

Molar Mass

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The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However, because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water molecule, which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands
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Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

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Imaging of hyperfunctioning adrenal masses.

Karsten Müssig1, Roland Bares2, Marius Horger3

  • 1a Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nephrology, Angiology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. karsten.muessig@med.uni-tuebingen.de.

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
|October 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adrenal imaging uses CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine to detect adrenal masses and distinguish between benign and malignant tumors. Functional nuclear imaging offers specific characterization of adrenal lesions, aiding in diagnosis.

Keywords:
Cushing’s syndromeMRIcomputed tomographyfunctional nuclear medicine imagingpheochromocytomaprimary aldosteronismultrasonography

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Adrenal masses require imaging for diagnosis of clinical syndromes and malignancy.
  • Computed tomography (CT), MRI, and ultrasound detect adrenal masses but lack specificity for malignancy.
  • Size alone is insufficient to differentiate benign from malignant adrenal lesions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current imaging modalities for adrenal masses.
  • To highlight methods for differentiating benign from malignant adrenal lesions.
  • To discuss the role of functional nuclear medicine in adrenal imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of CT, MRI, and ultrasound for adrenal mass detection.
  • Analysis of CT attenuation and contrast washout characteristics.
  • Evaluation of MRI chemical-shift imaging.
  • Application of functional nuclear medicine imaging with specific and unspecific tracers.

Main Results:

  • CT, MRI, and ultrasound show high sensitivity for adrenal mass detection.
  • CT and MRI techniques like attenuation values, contrast washout, and chemical-shift imaging aid in differentiating adenomas.
  • Functional nuclear medicine, using agents like 131I-6-iodomethyl-norcholesterol and 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine, offers specific lesion characterization.
  • 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET is valuable for distinguishing malignant from benign adrenal tumors.

Conclusions:

  • A combination of imaging techniques is crucial for comprehensive adrenal mass evaluation.
  • Functional nuclear medicine imaging significantly enhances the characterization of adrenal lesions, particularly when CT and MRI are equivocal.
  • 18F-FDG PET is a key tool for differentiating malignant from benign adrenal tumors, guiding clinical management.