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Gender differences in thyroid cancer: a critical review
Reina Yao1, Connie G Chiu1, Scott S Strugnell1
1a St Paul's Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, C303-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
|October 7, 2018
Summary
Thyroid cancer incidence is higher in women, but men often have worse prognoses. Sex hormones and their receptors may influence thyroid cancer development and progression, though research is ongoing.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Oncology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Thyroid cancer exhibits a significant gender disparity, with higher incidence in women.
- Men diagnosed with thyroid cancer often present with advanced stages and poorer outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review epidemiological, clinical, and experimental research on gender differences in thyroid cancer.
- To investigate the role of sex hormones, their receptors, and molecular factors in this discrepancy.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies.
- Analysis of research on sex hormones (e.g., estrogen) and their receptors (ERα, ERβ) in thyroid cancer cell lines and tissues.
Main Results:
- Clinical data on sex hormone impact remains inconclusive.
- Experimental studies suggest sex hormones and receptors may influence thyroid cancer tumorigenesis and progression.
- Conflicting evidence exists regarding receptor status differences between cancerous, benign, and normal thyroid tissues.
Conclusions:
- The precise relationship between gender and thyroid cancer risk requires further elucidation.
- Future research should focus on ERα/ERβ profiling, receptor status, and signaling pathways.
- Sex steroid receptors and downstream pathways are potential therapeutic targets for thyroid cancer.
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