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Cold Hardiness in Trees: A Mini-Review.

Michael Wisniewski1, Annette Nassuth2, Rajeev Arora3

  • 1United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|October 9, 2018
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Summary

Understanding cold hardiness in woody plants is complex. New research explores genetic and epigenetic factors regulating cold tolerance and deacclimation, crucial for climate adaptation.

Keywords:
C-repeat binding factor (CBF)DAM genesantifreeze protein (AFP)cold acclimationdeacclimationdormancyfreezing toleranceice nucleation

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Environmental Stress Physiology

Background:

  • Cold hardiness in perennial woody plants involves complex biophysical and biochemical adaptations.
  • Previous research often oversimplified cold hardiness as a single response, neglecting its multifaceted nature (avoidance, tolerance, seasonal stages).
  • The intricate overlap between cold hardiness regulation, dormancy, and growth processes has hindered targeted improvement strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the complex genetic and molecular regulation of cold hardiness in perennial woody plants.
  • To explore the role of transcription factors like ICE and C-repeat binding factor (CBF) in cold-induced gene expression and other plant processes.
  • To address the need for understanding deacclimation mechanisms in response to climate change and epigenetic influences.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cold hardiness mechanisms and genetic regulation.
  • Analysis of the involvement of ICE and CBF transcription factors in cold response, growth, and dormancy.
  • Consideration of advances in large-scale DNA/RNA sequencing and genetic transformation technologies.
  • Highlighting the potential of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for future research.

Main Results:

  • Cold hardiness regulation is intrinsically linked to dormancy, growth, flowering, and stomatal development.
  • ICE and CBF transcription factors play a significant role in cold-induced gene expression and are implicated in other developmental processes.
  • Epigenetic regulation by environmental factors influences stress responses and seasonal processes like cold acclimation and deacclimation.
  • Climate change necessitates a deeper understanding of deacclimation for plant survival.

Conclusions:

  • Improving cold hardiness requires a holistic approach, integrating genetic and epigenetic factors.
  • Further research into the interplay between genetic regulation, epigenetics, and environmental cues is essential for developing effective strategies.
  • Long-term studies are crucial for accurately assessing and manipulating plant responses to freezing temperatures.