Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

3.6K
The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
3.6K
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

1.6K
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
1.6K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.2K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
50.2K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.2K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.2K
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

108.8K
Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
108.8K
Physiology of Emotion01:20

Physiology of Emotion

3.4K
The physiology of emotions is a multifaceted process involving the autonomic nervous system, brain structures, hormones, and neurotransmitters. This intricate interplay dictates how emotions manifest in the body and influence behavior.
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a critical role in emotional responses by regulating involuntary physiological functions. It consists of two main components: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system...
3.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The neurobiological underpinning of socio-emotional processing in healthy women: The lasting impact of exposure to childhood trauma.

Psychiatry research·2026
Same author

Anesthesia mode for cesarean delivery and maternal-infant bonding: a single-center cross-sectional study.

International journal of obstetric anesthesia·2026
Same author

Emotion Regulation and Attachment Style as Predictors of Psychiatric Hospitalization Duration in Suicidal Adolescents.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

A novel multidimensional dynamic difficulty adjustment algorithm: Use case in a cognitive training video game.

Psychological methods·2026
Same author

Exploratory analysis of epileptic and non-epileptiform hippocampal network organization across spatial and frequency domains.

NeuroImage·2026
Same author

Mental health service utilization in a novel insurance-based Ob/Gyn integrated model for women across the lifespan.

Archives of women's mental health·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia
08:32

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Published on: October 25, 2016

13.9K

Sex differences during emotion processing are dependent on the menstrual cycle phase.

Rotem Dan1, Laura Canetti2, Tarek Keadan3

  • 1Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Neurology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.

Psychoneuroendocrinology
|October 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Menstrual cycle phase impacts sex differences in brain activity during emotion processing. Women in the late-luteal phase show altered neural connectivity and reduced positive emotion experience compared to men.

Keywords:
EmotionFunctional connectivityGenderMenstrual cycleSex differencesfMRI

More Related Videos

Manipulation and Analysis of Cell Cycle-Dependent Processes in Budding Yeast
08:13

Manipulation and Analysis of Cell Cycle-Dependent Processes in Budding Yeast

Published on: September 26, 2025

552
Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention
05:36

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Published on: November 16, 2017

7.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia
08:32

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Published on: October 25, 2016

13.9K
Manipulation and Analysis of Cell Cycle-Dependent Processes in Budding Yeast
08:13

Manipulation and Analysis of Cell Cycle-Dependent Processes in Budding Yeast

Published on: September 26, 2025

552
Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention
05:36

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Published on: November 16, 2017

7.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Sex differences in mood and anxiety disorders are prevalent, with females disproportionately affected.
  • Previous research on sex differences in emotion processing overlooked the influence of the menstrual cycle phase and hormonal fluctuations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how menstrual cycle phase affects sex differences in brain activity and functional connectivity during emotional perception and experience.
  • To explore the relationship between hormonal status and these sex-based neural differences.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to scan 20 healthy women twice (mid-follicular and late-luteal phases) and 20 healthy men.
  • Participants underwent paradigms for emotion perception and emotion experience.
  • Brain activity and functional connectivity were analyzed, alongside behavioral reports and hormone levels.

Main Results:

  • Men exhibited greater neural activity in the right hippocampal formation (mid-follicular) and right cerebellum (late-luteal) during negative emotion perception compared to women.
  • Women in the late-luteal phase showed reduced functional connectivity between the putamen and ventrolateral/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during amusement experience.
  • Late-luteal women reported decreased amusement and increased sadness, correlating with hormone levels.

Conclusions:

  • Menstrual cycle phase significantly modulates sex differences in neural responses to emotional stimuli.
  • Reduced pleasure and reward experience in the late-luteal phase may be linked to hormonal changes.
  • Findings offer insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.