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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurobehavioral disorder with an unclear cause.
  • Thyroid hormone disruption, particularly during early development, is a potential contributing factor to ADHD.
  • Maternal thyroid dysfunction and congenital hypothyroidism are linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the existing literature on the association between maternal or neonatal thyroid hormones and ADHD diagnosis or symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases (Embase, Pubmed, Cinahl, PsycInfo, ERIC, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science) up to April 2018.
  • Eligible articles included studies on maternal thyroid hormones, early-treated congenital hypothyroidism, and neonatal thyroid hormones in relation to ADHD.

Main Results:

  • The review identified 28 eligible articles.
  • Moderate evidence suggests an association between maternal thyroid hormone levels and offspring ADHD.
  • Some evidence links early-treated congenital hypothyroidism to ADHD, while evidence for neonatal thyroid hormones is limited.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal thyroid function and potentially early-treated congenital hypothyroidism are associated with ADHD.
  • Study limitations, including variations in measuring thyroid hormones and ADHD, necessitate further research.
  • Future studies should employ population-based designs, address measurement issues, consider covariates like iodine intake, and explore nonlinear dose-responses.