Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

994
The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
994
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

128.1K
Overview
128.1K
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

14.3K
Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
14.3K
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

79.1K
Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
79.1K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

9.9K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
9.9K
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

14.8K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
14.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Editing strigolactone hormone receptor for robust antiviral silencing in rice.

Cell·2026
Same author

A plant bunyaviral protein disrupts SERRATE phase separation to modulate microRNA biogenesis during viral pathogenesis.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Immune sensing of plant viral capsid proteins.

Science China. Life sciences·2025
Same author

New persistent plant RNA virus carries mutations to weaken viral suppression of antiviral RNA interference.

Molecular plant pathology·2024
Same author

Virome Characterization of Native Wild-Rice Plants Discovers a Novel Pathogenic Rice Polerovirus With World-Wide Circulation.

Plant, cell & environment·2024
Same author

Antiviral RNA interference inhibits virus vertical transmission in plants.

Cell host & microbe·2024
Same journal

A guide to CAR T cell therapies: development, current status and future prospects.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026
Same journal

Macrophages in embryonic development.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026
Same journal

Glycolytic capacity instructs tumour vasculature and response to immunotherapy.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026
Same journal

Vaginal NK cells limit epithelial barrier disruption during infection.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026
Same journal

New insights into progenitor exhausted T cell populations.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026
Same journal

T cell engagers in autoimmune diseases.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Expression, Purification, and Antimicrobial Activity of S100A12
11:10

Expression, Purification, and Antimicrobial Activity of S100A12

Published on: May 13, 2017

8.8K

Small RNA-based antimicrobial immunity.

Zhongxin Guo1, Yang Li2, Shou-Wei Ding3

  • 1Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|October 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) provide antiviral defense across eukaryotic kingdoms, including fungi, plants, and animals. Viruses and pathogens have evolved mechanisms to suppress this conserved RNA interference (RNAi) pathway.

More Related Videos

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages
12:47

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

Published on: November 3, 2014

12.1K
An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response
13:04

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

Published on: May 7, 2012

19.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Expression, Purification, and Antimicrobial Activity of S100A12
11:10

Expression, Purification, and Antimicrobial Activity of S100A12

Published on: May 13, 2017

8.8K
Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages
12:47

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

Published on: November 3, 2014

12.1K
An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response
13:04

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

Published on: May 7, 2012

19.2K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Eukaryotes possess diverse mechanisms for microbial infection defense.
  • Small RNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression and defense pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comparatively analyze the antiviral activity of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) across eukaryotic kingdoms.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of siRNA production, amplification, and activity.
  • To highlight the conserved role of RNA interference (RNAi) in eukaryotic defense against viruses and pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of small RNA pathways.
  • Review of existing literature on antiviral RNAi mechanisms.
  • Identification of viral and pathogen virulence factors that suppress RNAi.

Main Results:

  • Virus-derived siRNAs exhibit antiviral activity in fungi, plants, invertebrates, and mammals.
  • Mechanisms for siRNA production, amplification, and action are detailed.
  • Viral PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and mobile host/pathogen small RNAs in plants are highlighted.
  • Viruses and eukaryotic pathogens have evolved proteins to suppress RNAi.

Conclusions:

  • The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway functions as a conserved antimicrobial defense mechanism across eukaryotic kingdoms.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for developing novel antiviral strategies.