Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

Ionic Strength: Overview

2.9K
The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
2.9K
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

2.6K
The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
2.6K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

130.8K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
130.8K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.1K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.1K
Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.5K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.5K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.2K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Functional Polyurethane Hydrogels for Cartilage Repair.

Biomacromolecules·2026
Same author

Toward a Unified Mechanistic Understanding of Polymer Electrolytes for Advanced Solid-State Batteries.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same author

Ageing of inverse vulcanised polymers.

RSC applied polymers·2026
Same author

Uncovering Aggregation-Induced Emission in Carbon Dots for Color-Changing Hydrogels and Information Encryption.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Black wattle tannin nanoparticles as recyclable, efficient polyphenol-based emulsifiers for enhanced oil recovery.

Nanoscale·2026
Same author

A Stable Metal-Polyphenol Network-Functionalized Black Phosphorus Nanoplatform for Multidrug-Loading and Controllable Chemo-Photothermal Therapy.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators
14:42

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

Published on: April 25, 2020

8.8K

Smart composite hydrogel with pH-, ionic strength- and temperature-induced actuation.

Jiaojiao Shang1, Patrick Theato2

  • 1Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.

Soft Matter
|October 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a photo-patterning method for "smart" hydrogels. These triple-stimuli-responsive hydrogels exhibit programmable bending for soft robots and actuators.

More Related Videos

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions
12:20

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions

Published on: July 22, 2013

18.7K
Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method
06:26

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

Published on: October 6, 2017

8.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators
14:42

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

Published on: April 25, 2020

8.8K
Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions
12:20

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions

Published on: July 22, 2013

18.7K
Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method
06:26

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

Published on: October 6, 2017

8.8K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Soft Robotics

Background:

  • Hydrogels are versatile materials with tunable properties.
  • Creating complex hydrogel architectures with controlled inhomogeneity is challenging.
  • Stimuli-responsive hydrogels offer dynamic functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a facile photo-patterning method for fabricating "smart" hydrogels.
  • To create hydrogels with defined lateral and vertical inhomogeneity in composition and dimensions.
  • To explore the stimuli-responsive and shape-changing capabilities of these engineered hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized photo-patterning to generate programmable composite and bilayer hydrogels.
  • Incorporated thermal/ionic strength-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and pH-sensitive poly(acrylic acid).
  • Investigated triple-stimuli responsiveness (temperature, ionic strength, pH) and resulting volume changes.

Main Results:

  • Developed hydrogels exhibiting reversible "on" and "off" states due to abrupt volume changes.
  • Demonstrated reversible, direction-controllable bending behavior in response to external stimuli.
  • Showcased the ability to structurally program different bending behaviors by controlling patterned components.

Conclusions:

  • The developed photo-patterning method enables precise control over hydrogel inhomogeneity.
  • The engineered hydrogels exhibit programmable shape deformations driven by asymmetric internal stresses.
  • These smart hydrogels hold significant promise for applications in soft robotics and actuators.