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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

510
Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

475
In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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Prenatal Urinary Tract Dilatation.

Andrea Balthazar1, C D Anthony Herndon2

  • 1Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, VCU Medical Center, PO Box 980118, Richmond, VA 23298-0118, USA.

The Urologic Clinics of North America
|October 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urinary tract dilatation (UTD) is a common prenatal finding. Current management trends favor a conservative approach, using risk assessment to guide postnatal evaluation and minimize unnecessary interventions.

Keywords:
HydronephrosisPrenatal diagnosisRadiologyUrinary tract dilatationUrinary tract infectionVesicoureteral reflux

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Urology
  • Prenatal Diagnosis
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Urinary tract dilatation (UTD) is the most frequent congenital anomaly identified via prenatal ultrasonography (US).
  • It affects approximately 1% to 3% of all pregnancies.
  • Accurate prenatal detection and risk stratification are crucial for appropriate management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prenatal detection of UTD.
  • To outline the postnatal evaluation and management strategies based on the UTD grading system.
  • To discuss current trends in conservative management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on prenatal UTD detection and management.
  • Application of the UTD grading system for risk assessment.
  • Discussion of prophylactic antibiotic use and postnatal imaging protocols.

Main Results:

  • Prenatal ultrasonography is key for detecting UTD.
  • The UTD grading system provides a framework for risk stratification.
  • A conservative management approach is increasingly favored.

Conclusions:

  • The UTD grading system aids in tailoring postnatal investigations.
  • Conservative management aims to reduce unnecessary testing and exposures.
  • Renal bladder ultrasonography remains essential for guiding further evaluation.