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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
Published on: March 22, 2019
Upconversion raster scanning microscope for long-wavelength infrared imaging of breast cancer microcalcifications
Yu-Pei Tseng1, Pascaline Bouzy2, Christian Pedersen1
1DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.
Abstract:
Long-wavelength identification of microcalcifications in breast cancer tissue is demonstrated using a novel upconversion raster scanning microscope. The system consists of quantum cascade lasers (QCL) for illumination and an upconversion system for efficient, high-speed detection using a silicon detector. Absorbance spectra and images of regions of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) from the breast have been acquired using both upconversion and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) systems. The spectral images are compared and good agreement is found between the upconversion and the FTIR systems.
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