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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Published on: March 25, 2022
Sodium fluorescein guided resection of malignant glioma
Muhammad Waqas1, Muhammad Shahzad Shamim1
1Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
Abstract:
The average rate of gross total resection (GTR) for malignant gliomas (MGs) is reported to be around 36%. One of the major challenges to GTR is the recognition of tumour margins. Sodium fluorescein is a freely available fluorophore used to recognize the boundaries of MGs. It accumulates in tumour areas with disrupted blood brain barrier that can then be visualized under a microscope with dedicated filters. No randomized controlled trial or meta-analysis is available that reports the impact of fluorescein use on the extent of tumour resection. Several prospective studies and a phase II trial prove it to be safe and helpful in achieving GTR rates of 68.42-100%. At higher doses i.e., 15-20 mg/Kg, sodium fluorescein can even be used under white illumination. The dye is safe even at high doses and has helped achieve GTR rates of 80-84.4.
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