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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules01:35

Microtubules

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There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the thickest of these fibers. Microtubules carry out a variety of functions that include cell structure and support, transport of organelles, cell motility (movement), and the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
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Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory appendages like cilia and flagella. In eukaryotic cells, microtubules form specialized extensions for moving fluid over the surface, like those found in cells lining the intestine.
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization
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CLASP Facilitates Transitions between Cortical Microtubule Array Patterns.

David Thoms1, Laura Vineyard1, Andrew Elliott1

  • 1Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405.

Plant Physiology
|October 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The plant microtubule-associated protein, CYTOPLASMIC LINKER ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (AtCLASP), is crucial for cell morphogenesis. It ensures proper timing of microtubule array pattern transitions by maintaining growing microtubule ends.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Cytoskeletal dynamics
  • Cellular morphogenesis

Background:

  • Acentrosomal plant microtubule arrays pattern the cell cortex, guiding cell wall deposition and morphogenesis.
  • The molecular mechanisms underlying cortical microtubule array patterning are not well understood.
  • Loss of Arabidopsis CYTOPLASMIC LINKER ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (AtCLASP) causes growth anisotropy defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of AtCLASP in microtubule array patterning at the cell cortex.
  • To understand how AtCLASP influences transitions between different microtubule array patterns.
  • To elucidate the molecular basis of AtCLASP's function in cellular morphogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of microtubule array patterns in atclasp-1 null mutants.
  • Computational modeling of microtubule dynamics using fluorescent tubulin markers.
  • Quantitative in vivo analysis of microtubule array architecture and dynamics.

Main Results:

  • atclasp-1 mutants exhibit defects in the timing of transitions between microtubule array patterns, not in the patterns themselves.
  • Microtubule dynamics analysis revealed marker-dependent effects on depolymerization and catastrophe frequency.
  • AtCLASP is essential for maintaining the number of growing microtubule plus ends during array pattern transitions.

Conclusions:

  • AtCLASP plays a critical role in cellular morphogenesis by regulating microtubule array transitions.
  • The protein acts on newly forming microtubules to facilitate these dynamic pattern shifts.
  • Understanding AtCLASP function provides insight into the molecular basis of cortical microtubule organization.