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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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GTPases and their Regulation02:14

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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
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Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

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Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction
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Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

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Characterization of a Monomeric, Homoleptic, Solvent-Free Samarium Bis(aryloxide).

Pei Zhao1, Qihao Zhu1, James C Fettinger1

  • 1Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States.

Inorganic Chemistry
|October 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized the first monomeric homoleptic samarium bis(aryloxide) complex, Sm(OAriPr6)2. This solvent-free compound exhibits a bent structure and paramagnetism, offering new insights into lanthanide chemistry.

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Lanthanide Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry

Background:

  • Lanthanide complexes are crucial in catalysis and materials science.
  • Synthesis of homoleptic lanthanide complexes with bulky ligands remains challenging.
  • Monomeric, solvent-free lanthanide compounds are desirable for fundamental studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel monomeric homoleptic lanthanide bis(aryloxide) complex.
  • To investigate the structural and magnetic properties of the synthesized complex.
  • To explore the coordination behavior of bulky aryloxide ligands with samarium.

Main Methods:

  • Reaction of samarium precursor Sm[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2 with bulky aryloxide ligand HOAriPr6.
  • Crystallographic analysis to determine molecular structure.
  • UV-visible and IR spectroscopy for characterization.
  • Magnetic susceptibility measurements using Evans' method.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of the first monomeric homoleptic solvent-free samarium bis(aryloxide) complex, Sm(OAriPr6)2.
  • X-ray crystallography revealed a highly bent O-Sm-O angle (111.08(9)°) and close contacts between samarium and ligand aryl rings.
  • The complex is paramagnetic with a magnetic moment of 3.51 μB at room temperature.

Conclusions:

  • The bulky aryloxide ligand enables the formation of a stable, monomeric homoleptic samarium complex.
  • The structural and magnetic data provide valuable insights into the coordination environment and electronic properties of samarium.
  • This work expands the scope of accessible homoleptic lanthanide complexes.