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Inflammation Markers in Type 2 Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome in the Pediatric Population

Thomas Reinehr1, Christian Ludwig Roth2,3

  • 1Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Dr. F. Steiner Str. 5, D-45711, Datteln, Germany. T.Reinehr@kinderklinik-datteln.de.

Current Diabetes Reports
|October 20, 2018
PubMed

Insights

Cytokines, adipokines, and hepatokines link chronic inflammation to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in children. These factors may predict metabolic syndrome and offer therapeutic targets.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Syndrome Research
  • Inflammation and Diabetes

Background:

  • Chronic inflammation, adipokines, and hepatokines are implicated in insulin resistance and beta cell failure.
  • Understanding these factors in pediatric populations is crucial for metabolic health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the relationship between cytokines, inflammation, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children.
  • To explore the potential predictive and therapeutic roles of these factors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pediatric inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.
  • Analysis of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and hepatokines.

Main Results:

  • Key pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (leptin, adiponectin) are associated with insulin resistance in children.
  • Obesity alters levels of certain anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating a resistance state.
  • Specific cytokines (TNF-α, fetuin A, FGF-21) are altered in obese children with T2DM, suggesting a role in beta cell failure.

Conclusions:

  • Cytokines, adipokines, and hepatokines are potential biomarkers for predicting MetS and T2DM development in children.
  • These factors represent promising therapeutic targets for ameliorating insulin resistance and improving metabolic health.
Abstract

Keywords:
AdipokinesHepatokinesInterleukinLeptinOmentinTNF-alpha

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