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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

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Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

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Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
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Solubility03:00

Solubility

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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
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Concentration Cells02:41

Concentration Cells

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
Consider the following voltaic cell:
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Related Experiment Video

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A Swimming-Induced Zebrafish Exercise Apparatus for Versatile Training Approaches
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Exercise-induced Changes in Soluble ST2 Concentrations in Marathon Runners.

Vincent L Aengevaeren1,2, Roland R J VAN Kimmenade2, Maria T E Hopman1

  • 1Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, THE NETHERLANDS.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
|October 20, 2018
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Summary

Marathon running significantly increases soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) levels in all runners, indicating cardiac strain. Faster runners exhibit higher sST2 concentrations, with complex factors influencing these levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Extreme endurance exercise, such as marathons, may cause cardiac microdamage and myocardial fibrosis.
  • Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) is a key cardiac biomarker for assessing myocardial fibrosis, inflammation, and strain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate baseline and exercise-induced sST2 concentrations in marathon runners.
  • To identify predictors of sST2 concentrations in this cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Collected demographic and health data from 92 marathon runners.
  • Measured sST2 and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels at baseline and immediately post-marathon.
  • Analyzed associations between sST2 levels and various factors including runner demographics, training, and race performance.

Main Results:

  • All 82 finishers showed increased sST2 (34 to 70 ng·mL) and cTnI (9 to 60 ng·L) post-marathon (P < 0.001).
  • Higher baseline and post-race sST2 concentrations were observed in faster runners.
  • Baseline sST2, weight loss, and exercise intensity predicted finish sST2; baseline sST2, height, sex, and training hours predicted the sST2 increase.

Conclusions:

  • Marathon running universally increases sST2 levels, with many runners exceeding baseline cutoff values.
  • Faster marathon performance is associated with higher sST2 concentrations.
  • Multiple complex variables influence sST2 levels in marathon runners, suggesting a nuanced response to extreme exercise stress.