Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System
05:33

Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System

Published on: July 11, 2025

1.1K

Intelligence Quotient in Patients with Myelomeningocele: A Review

Yusuf Alimi1, Joe Iwanaga2, Rod J Oskouian3

  • 1Anatomy, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, GRD.

Cureus
|October 23, 2018
PubMed

Insights

Children with myelomeningocele (MMC) generally have lower intelligence quotients (IQ). Hydrocephalus and complications like infections further decrease IQ, but prenatal repair may mitigate risks.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a complex birth defect.
  • The relationship between MMC, hydrocephalus, and cognitive development is debated.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infections and shunt procedures are common in MMC patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on intelligence quotient (IQ) in myelomeningocele (MMC) patients.
  • To investigate the impact of hydrocephalus, infections, and shunt procedures on IQ in MMC.
  • To explore other contributing factors to cognitive development in MMC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on myelomeningocele (MMC) and intelligence quotient (IQ).
  • Analysis of factors influencing IQ, including hydrocephalus, CNS infections, and shunt procedures.
  • Consideration of neuroimaging findings and genetic factors.

Main Results:

  • Patients with MMC, with or without complications, exhibit lower IQs compared to controls.
  • Hydrocephalus is associated with a further reduction in IQ among MMC patients.
  • Prenatal repair of MMC may reduce shunt-related complications and their negative impact on IQ.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive deficits in MMC are multifactorial, influenced by hydrocephalus and treatment-related complications.
  • Further research is needed to identify additional risk and genetic factors affecting MMC and IQ.
  • Early interventions, including prenatal repair, show promise in improving cognitive outcomes.
Keywords:
hydrocephalusintelligence quotientmyelomeningocelespina bifidaventiculoperitoneal shunt

More Related Videos

Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees14:31

Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees

Published on: July 15, 2009

14.5K
One Dimensional Turing-Like Handshake Test for Motor Intelligence14:05

One Dimensional Turing-Like Handshake Test for Motor Intelligence

Published on: December 15, 2010

28.4K

Related Concept Videos

Reaction Quotient02:35

Reaction Quotient

The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by m A + n B ⇌ x C + y D, the reaction quotient is derived directly from the stoichiometry of the balanced equation as
53.0K
The Quotient Rule01:30

The Quotient Rule

The quotient rule is a fundamental differentiation technique in calculus used to differentiate functions expressed as a ratio of two differentiable functions. Given a function of the form:Where g(x) and h(x) are both differentiable and h(x) ≠ 0, the derivative of f(x) is given by:Example:The quotient rule is beneficial when differentiating rational functions, trigonometric ratios, and exponential functions. For example, given:applying the quotient rule,This rule is essential in solving...
64
Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
8.4K
Review and Preview01:13

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
11.3K
Intelligence01:27

Intelligence

The term "intelligence" is complex because it refers to both behavior and individuals, and its interpretation varies across cultures. European Americans tend to link intelligence with reasoning and cognitive skills, while in Kenya, it is tied to responsible participation in family and social life. In Uganda, intelligence is seen as the ability to know the right actions and carry them out effectively, while the Iatmul people of Papua New Guinea associate it with the capacity to remember...
8.6K
Measures of Intelligence01:29

Measures of Intelligence

Psychologists measure intelligence by using standardized tests that produce a score known as the intelligence quotient or IQ. To understand IQ tests, it's important to recognize the key principles behind their construction: validity, reliability, and standardization.
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. An intelligence test should accurately assess intelligence rather than another characteristic, like anxiety. Criterion validity is one way to evaluate this;...
8.5K