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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

Superlong Single-Crystal Metal-Organic Framework Nanotubes.

Lianli Zou^1,2, Chun-Chao Hou³, Zheng Liu⁴

¹Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577 , Japan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|October 23, 2018

Summary

Researchers developed the first single-crystal metal-organic framework (MOF) nanotubes. These nanotubes can be transformed into hierarchical carbon nanostructures for advanced rechargeable batteries and catalysis.

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Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

Published on: August 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Chemistry

Background:

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline materials with diverse applications.
Developing novel nanostructures from MOFs is crucial for advanced material design.
One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures like nanotubes offer unique properties for catalysis and separation.

Purpose of the Study:

To report the first fabrication of single-crystal metal-organic framework (MOF) nanotubes.
To explore the transformation of these MOF nanotubes into hierarchical carbon nanostructures.
To investigate the potential applications of the derived nanostructures in catalysis and energy storage.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of superlong single-crystal cobalt-organic framework (Co-MOF) nanotubes using an amorphous MOF-mediated recrystallization approach.
Characterization of the MOF nanotubes' morphology, diameter, length, and multichannel structure.
Carbonization of Co-MOF nanotubes in an argon atmosphere, with and without dicyandiamide, to form carbon nanofibers and hierarchical carbon architectures.

Main Results:

Successfully synthesized single-crystal Co-MOF nanotubes (∼70 nm diameter, 20-35 μm length) with parallel multichannels (1.1 nm window size).
Demonstrated the potential of MOF nanotubes as nanocolumns for large molecule separation.
Fabricated hierarchical carbon nanostructures (carbon nanofibers wrapped by carbon nanotubes with cobalt nanoparticles) via carbonization, preserving 1D morphology.
Observed excellent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction in the hierarchical carbon nanostructures.

Conclusions:

A novel strategy for fabricating MOF nanotubes and related 1D nanostructures has been established.
The synthesized MOF nanotubes serve as a versatile precursor for advanced carbon nanomaterials.
The resulting hierarchical carbon nanostructures show significant promise for applications in rechargeable Zn-air batteries and electrocatalysis.