Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Studying Copper Nanoparticle-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria
08:22

Studying Copper Nanoparticle-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria

Published on: May 16, 2025

582

Radiological Features of Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 2-positive Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Single-institution

Kazuki Takada1,2, Gouji Toyokawa3, Koichi Azuma4

  • 1Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan k_takada@surg2.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.

In Vivo (Athens, Greece)
|October 24, 2018
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Programmed cell death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) expression in lung adenocarcinoma is common and associated with less aggressive radiological features. PD-L2-positive tumors show lower standardized uptake values on PET/CT scans.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Programmed cell death-1 (PD1) receptor ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, are crucial in cancer immunity.
  • PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors are effective in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • PD-L2 expression and its clinicopathological correlations in NSCLC remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the radiological features of PD-L2-positive lung adenocarcinoma.
  • To investigate the association between PD-L2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics.
  • To compare radiological findings of PD-L2-positive versus PD-L2-negative tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemical staining for PD-L1 and PD-L2 on 393 lung adenocarcinoma specimens.
  • Preoperative thin-section computed tomography (CT) for all patients.
  • 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/CT (18F-FDG-PET/CT) for 222 patients.

Main Results:

  • PD-L2 expression was found in 67.7% of lung adenocarcinomas.
  • Absence of surrounding ground glass opacity and presence of air bronchogram were linked to PD-L2 positivity.
  • PD-L2-positive tumors exhibited significantly higher maximum standardized uptake values on 18F-FDG-PET/CT.

Conclusions:

  • PD-L2-positive lung adenocarcinomas demonstrate less malignant and invasive radiological characteristics.
  • Radiological features can help predict PD-L2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma.
  • Further research into PD-L2's role in NSCLC is warranted.
Keywords:
CTPD-L2lung adenocarcinoma

More Related Videos

Orthotopic Transplantation of Syngeneic Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells to Study PD-L1 Expression06:03

Orthotopic Transplantation of Syngeneic Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells to Study PD-L1 Expression

Published on: January 19, 2019

18.2K
Development of a 68Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression09:06

Development of a 68Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression

Published on: February 3, 2023

2.0K

Related Concept Videos

Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence...
5.6K
Ligand Binding Sites02:40

Ligand Binding Sites

Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
Protein-ligand interactions are quite specific; even though numerous potential ligands surround a cellular protein at any given time, only a particular ligand can bind to that protein. Moreover, a ligand binds only to a dedicated area on the surface of the protein, known as the...
15.1K
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
4.5K
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
9.9K
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
24.3K
Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
56.3K