The tetranuclear manganese complex of Photosystem II

A polynuclear manganese complex functions in Photosystem II both to accumulate oxidizing equivalents and to bind water and catalyze its four-electron oxidation. Recent electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic studies of the manganese complex show that four manganese ions are required to account for its magnetic properties. The exchange couplings between manganese ions in the S2 state are characteristic of a Mn4O4 "cubane"-like structure. Based on this structure for the manganese complex in the S2 state, as well as a consideration of the known properties of the manganese complex in Photosystem II and the coordination chemistry of manganese, structures are proposed for the five intermediate oxidation states of the manganese complex. A molecular mechanism for the formation of an O-O bond and the displacement of O2 from the S4 state is suggested.