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Relative Risk01:12

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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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The understanding of the concept of reference frames is essential to discuss relative motion in one or more dimensions. When we say that an object has a certain velocity, we must state the velocity with respect to a given reference frame. In most examples, this reference frame has been Earth. For instance, if a statement reads that a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then it implies that the person on the train is moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity,...
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An emf is induced when the magnetic field in a coil is changed by pushing a bar magnet into or out of the coil. emfs of opposite signs are produced by motion in opposite directions, and the directions of emfs are also reversed by reversing poles. The same results are produced if the coil is moved rather than the magnet—it is the relative motion that is important. The faster the motion, the greater the emf. Additionally, there is no emf when the magnet is stationary relative to the coil.
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The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. Like the histogram, a relative frequency histogram also has the same shape with a horizontal scale (the x-axis), but the vertical scale (the y-axis) is marked with relative frequencies (percentages of the whole) instead of actual frequencies. A relative frequency histogram is a graphical representation of a frequency distribution where the...
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Relative velocity is the velocity of an object as observed from a particular reference frame, or the velocity of one reference frame with respect to another reference frame. The concept of relative velocity can be used to describe motion in two dimensions. Consider a particle P and two reference frames S and S′. The position of the origin of S′ as measured in S is , the position of P as measured in S′ is , and the position of P as measured in S is , which can be evaluated by utilizing...
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A relative frequency distribution is the proportion or fraction of times a value occurs in a data set. To find the relative frequencies, one can divide each frequency by the total number of data points in the sample. It is very similar to a regular frequency distribution, except that instead of reporting how many data values fall in a class, a relative frequency distribution reports the fraction of data values that fall in a class. These fractions or proportions are called relative frequencies...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
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Tolerance Induction in Relation to the Eye.

Igal Gery1, Rachel R Caspi1

  • 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune eye diseases like uveitis can cause blindness. T-regulatory cells normally prevent this, but gut microbes can trigger disease in animal models, highlighting potential therapies.

Keywords:
T-helper (Th) cellsT-regulatory cells (Treg)experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU)microbiotaocular inflammation (uveitis)tolerance process

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Uveitis, a group of blinding inflammatory eye diseases, involves autoimmune processes that breach ocular immune privilege.
  • Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) serves as an animal model, induced by antigen immunity or occurring spontaneously in transgenic mice.
  • T-cells specific to ocular antigens are normally eliminated in the thymus, but escapees can become pathogenic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying autoimmune intraocular inflammation, specifically uveitis.
  • To investigate the role of microbiota and T-regulatory cells in the pathogenesis and control of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU).

Main Methods:

  • Induction of EAU in animal models through specific ocular antigens or spontaneous development.
  • Analysis of T-cell selection in the thymus and peripheral tolerance mechanisms.
  • Investigation of the influence of microbiota on disease initiation and progression.
  • Assessment of the impact of T-regulatory (Treg) cell depletion and adoptive transfer on ocular inflammation.

Main Results:

  • Microbiota play a critical role in spontaneous EAU by providing antigenic mimicry and co-stimulation, facilitating tissue invasion.
  • Peripheral tolerance, mediated by antigen-specific T-regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes, physiologically inhibits the pathogenic autoimmune process.
  • Depletion of Tregs exacerbates ocular inflammation, while adoptive transfer of Tregs suppresses the pathogenic response.

Conclusions:

  • The microbiota are implicated in triggering autoimmune uveitis by mimicking ocular antigens and promoting inflammation.
  • T-regulatory cells are crucial for maintaining immune tolerance within the eye and preventing autoimmune disease.
  • Treg cell-based therapies hold promise for suppressing autoimmune diseases, including uveitis, in humans.