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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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Genomes OnLine database (GOLD) v.7: updates and new features.

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The Genomes Online Database (GOLD) provides a comprehensive catalog of genome and metagenome projects with extensive metadata. Recent updates highlight new features and continued growth in this vital bioinformatics resource.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioinformatics
  • Genomics
  • Metagenomics

Background:

  • The Genomes Online Database (GOLD) is a crucial resource for tracking genome and metagenome projects.
  • It organizes information into Study, Biosample/Organism, Sequencing Project, and Analysis Project levels.
  • GOLD supports data submission and analysis through integrated systems like Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an update on the current status of the Genomes Online Database (GOLD).
  • To highlight new features and advancements in GOLD over the past two years.
  • To emphasize GOLD's role in cataloging and managing genomic and metagenomic project metadata.

Main Methods:

  • The study details the structure and organization of GOLD, including its four classification levels.
  • It outlines the metadata fields available, noting the use of controlled vocabulary (CV) terms.
  • The paper describes the user interface and advanced search functionalities of GOLD.

Main Results:

  • GOLD currently hosts extensive data, including over 33,000 Studies and 215,000 Sequencing Projects.
  • The database contains over 541 metadata fields, with 80 based on controlled vocabulary.
  • The number of projects and associated metadata in GOLD has increased exponentially, with new features added in version 7.

Conclusions:

  • GOLD continues to be an essential, up-to-date online resource for the scientific community.
  • The database's adherence to Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC) Minimum Information standards ensures data quality and interoperability.
  • Ongoing development and new features enhance GOLD's utility for managing and accessing genomic and metagenomic project information.